Slate is a volcanic rock consisting of layers of minerals compressed under pressure and high temperatures, and the plates are easily divided. It cannot be argued that shale is an independent mineralogical unit with a single structure and chemical composition. Shale rocks contain many minerals that form and lie within them in layers.
Physico-chemical characteristics
In terms of composition, the shale rock is a conglomerate of metal oxides with a complex formula.
From half to three quarters of the composition is aluminum, almost a quarter is silicon. The remainder is divided into iron, calcium, magnesium, titanium, mica, and other impurities.
There is no single indicator for many characteristics of the rock (hardness scale, color, flammability, water permeability).
Summer fashion trends
Designer
Slates can even be seen in the collections of world-famous designers, for example, Giorgio Armani. This suggests that slates have long become as indispensable a part of the everyday wardrobe as any other summer shoes. Of course, designer flip flops differ from mass-produced shoes in their higher quality, original design, colors, stylish decor, etc.
Wedge and platform slates
The rise can be very different - from almost flat to high. These slates look like clogs or open platform sandals. Naturally, they are ideal for creating a casual summer look under a long sundress, linen long trousers, bright breeches, denim shorts, a chiffon skirt, etc.
Slides with a very high wedge are not much different in appearance from other high-heeled shoes. They look much more feminine and stylish than flat-soled slates. In addition, tall slates add a few more centimeters to your height and make your silhouette more graceful and slender. This model would look much more appropriate at a city party than on the beach, because if you fall into the sand, there is a risk of twisting your ankle and getting injured.
With thin soles
Flat flip flops are great for long walks. In such shoes, your feet will get less tired and walking will be much more pleasant.
Strap options
Slates can vary not only in the height of the wedge, but also in the width of the jumper straps and their location.
For example, thin straps up to 1 cm wide are more suitable for petite girls with graceful legs. But wider bridges hold the slates on the foot much more securely, and it is more comfortable to walk in them.
With sock
Initially, it was understood that slates, like any other summer shoes, were worn on bare feet. However, fashion is so changeable that today you won’t surprise anyone with slates paired with socks. Just yesterday, such a set was considered the height of bad taste, and tomorrow, perhaps, it will be the squeak of fashion.
Varieties
The breed is diverse, so it was ordered by structure and composition.
All shales are divided into clayey and crystalline.
Clays are almost always dark gray or green. Compacted clay contains fragments of quartz, sulfur pyrites, rutile, feldspar, mica, and other minerals.
Based on their structure, description, and physical characteristics, the following types of shale are distinguished:
- Slate. A soft stone of gray shades, easy to flake. This is the core of ordinary pencils.
- Combustible. It looks like dense clay, easily ignites, and is in demand as fuel.
- Alum stone is saturated with sulfur pyrites.
- Siliceous. Dense multi-colored plates interspersed with quartz and chalcedony grains.
- Mica. A stone with mica and quartz as its main components. A special case is biotite shale (with black mica called biotite).
- Grinding. A greenish, very hard variety with a high percentage of silica.
- Chlorite. The main impurity - chlorine - creates green shades of stone with shine.
The durable layered texture has made black slate and gray roofing slate popular construction and technical materials.
A separate variety is considered to be a stone of artificial origin.
Material
One of the advantages of slates over any other summer shoes is their light weight. Even if the slates have a high, thick sole. It all comes down to the fact that foam rubber, polyvinyl chloride or other materials with high wear resistance and minimal weight are used for their manufacture. So that the slates are practically not felt on the foot.
Croslite is a modern polymer material that, in addition to being lightweight, is also incredibly soft and comfortable to wear. True, this material is mostly suitable for models used for sandy beaches. The soft sole will allow your foot to feel every pebble, so they are not suitable for gravel beaches.
In addition to these materials, silicone, transparent and colored plastic are used for the production of slates. Many models are equipped with cork, wood and woven wedges or flat soles.
Leather slides are distinguished by higher strength, durability, and purely in appearance they are much more attractive than rubber slippers. Such models, without a doubt, will suit any summer clothing ensemble.
Places and methods of extraction
Oil shale deposits are being developed all over the planet. The largest reserves of stone are found in the USA, Brazil, the countries of Central Asia, Europe, Mongolia, and Belarus.
In Russia, stone is mined in Siberia, the Urals, the north of the European part of the country, and the North Caucasus.
Shale rock is extracted using two methods:
- open (in a quarry);
- underground.
The first is low-cost and environmentally friendly.
The second is cheap, but destroys the environment. Oil shale deposits are exploited as a source of cheap shale gas.
In this case, the method of hydraulic fracturing is used. The technology is imperfect and harmful to the environment, therefore in many countries, including Russia, it is prohibited or not used for other reasons.
Shale horizons
Kirill Degtyarev Alexander Solovyov, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova
“Science and Life” No. 9, 2015
Despite the rapid development of alternative energy, the combustion of hydrocarbons still remains the most effective way to obtain energy. But those oil and gas fields that are actively exploited now are sooner or later in danger of being depleted, and new ones are often located in hard-to-reach places, for example, beyond the Arctic Circle. In search of sources of raw materials, energy workers turned their attention to shale gas. If two decades ago shale gas, coalbed methane and methane hydrates were not seriously considered and were even considered alternative energy sources, now they are talking about the shale revolution. However, they are talking about both the shale scam and the shale environmental disaster. Will shale gas take a prominent place in the global energy sector in the near future or will it remain a reserve for the future?
A tower for drilling horizontal wells in the Marcellus shale gas field in Pennsylvania (USA). Photo: Ruhrfisch/Wikimedia Commons/GFDL
Shale gas is just one of the components of a fairly extensive set of fossil hydrocarbon resources, united by the concept of unconventional hydrocarbons or unconventional hydrocarbons. These include shale oil, coal gas (methane), tar sands, oil shale, and gas hydrates. Draw a clear boundary between “ordinary” (conventional - from the Latin conventionalis
- “conforming to the agreement, agreed upon”) hydrocarbons and non-conventional ones is difficult, if not impossible.
By “unusual” hydrocarbons we mean, first of all, oil, gas and coal, which occur in relatively difficult conditions for extraction and, accordingly, require complex and expensive extraction technologies. Yes, b o
Most of the natural gas currently produced lies in large voids and cracks in porous rocks - sandstones, limestones, dolomites, or in gas caps above oil fields, or in dissolved form in oil. Shale gas is the same as natural gas, but it occurs in small cracks and pores in shale rocks. In these rocks the gas concentration per unit volume is lower. The same can be said about shale oil relative to “ordinary” oil.
Conditions for occurrence and production of conventional and unconventional gas. Types of natural gas: regular ( A
), shale (
B
), hard sand (
C
), coalbed methane (
G
). Figure: US Energy Information Administration/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain
The measure of unconventionality depends on the conditions of production and the level of its technological development at a given stage. Therefore, at different periods of time, the same hydrocarbons may be among the conventional and unconventional.
There may also be confusion in the names of certain non-conventional hydrocarbons. Thus, for a long time, shale gas and shale (kerogen) oil were the products of distillation of oil shale - sedimentary rocks of carbonate-clayey (marly), clayey or siliceous composition, containing from 10–15 to 60–80% organic matter (kerogen). Recently, shale gas and shale oil are more often understood as light fractions of hydrocarbons (essentially ordinary gas and oil) contained in shale rocks. Shales as such are considered as a separate type of energy carrier.
Shales
are rocks with a layered arrangement of elongated or plate-like minerals included in their composition. These rocks are characterized by the ability to easily split into separate plates, that is, foliation. Hence the name.Proven reserves
- confirmed by research with a sufficiently high degree of reliability and calculated with a sufficient degree of accuracy (usually ± 20%).
Technically recoverable reserves
- part of the proven reserves that lie in conditions that allow them to be extracted using currently available technologies.
Potentially recoverable reserves
, in fact, all proven reserves.
Forecast reserves, estimated reserves
— estimated reserves based on data on the geological and geophysical structure of the rock mass, but requiring additional research and confirmation; not proven at the moment.
Unconventional reserves
The world's reserves of unconventional hydrocarbons are comparable to or even exceed those of traditional hydrocarbon raw materials.
Potentially recoverable shale gas resources in the world are estimated at 330 trillion m3.
Global (forecast recoverable reserves) of unconventional oil is about 450 billion tons.
The largest reserves of tar sands oil are located in Canada (230–340 billion tons) and Venezuela - more than 160 billion tons. In addition, tar sands deposits have been discovered in Kazakhstan and Russia. That is, we are talking about values of hundreds of trillions of cubic meters of gas and tens of hundreds of billions of tons of oil.
Share of shale gas in total production in the USA, Canada and China in 2012. Figure: EIA
For comparison: the world's conventional gas reserves amount to 460 trillion m3, oil - about 370 billion tons. At the current rate of production, proven reserves of conventional gas will last for 60–120 years (depending on whether we count all current technically recoverable reserves or all potentially recoverable ones) ), conventional oil - for 40–90 years. If we take into account unconventional hydrocarbons, these periods approximately double – up to 100–200 years.
Non-conventional oil and gas are seen as cleaner substitutes for coal. This is the argument usually made in defense of shale gas in response to the objections of environmentalists. (Today, shale gas production is associated with severe negative environmental consequences. - Ed.
)
Distribution of proven, technically recoverable shale gas reserves by country (2013)
All recoverable reserves of hard coal are estimated at 18 trillion tons, while global production in 2013 amounted to 7.8 billion tons. Thus, unconventional hydrocarbons are theoretically capable of replacing coal within a few decades. And this does not take into account another unconventional hydrocarbon - coal seam methane (gas), the world reserves of which are estimated at 260 trillion m3, which is also comparable to the reserves of conventional gas.
The total potential resources of oil shale in the world are estimated at approximately 450 trillion tons.
However, the world's largest reserves of gas hydrates are, according to some estimates, 1.5 × 1016 m3 (15,000 trillion m3), which is several orders of magnitude greater than the predicted resources of conventional natural gas. At the same time, this type of raw material is the most difficult to obtain. About 97% of it occurs in marine areas, the rest in permafrost zones.
From the data presented, it is clear that hydrocarbon raw materials will last for centuries, if not millennia, even with an increase in consumption.
Long forgotten old
The use of unconventional hydrocarbons has a long history, just like the use of renewable energy sources. In particular, oil shale has been developed for a long time. But the high cost of producing energy from these sources and the discovery of large deposits of relatively easily extracted oil, gas, and coal in the 20th century led to a loss of interest in them. However, rising prices for energy raw materials and some geopolitical factors at the beginning of the 21st century once again awakened interest in them, and primarily in shale gas.
About 80% of all proven reserves of technically recoverable gas are located in 10 countries. These are more or less developed countries with a relatively high level of exploration of mineral resources.
The bulk of shale gas production is concentrated in the United States, which gave rise to talk about the “shale revolution,” the beginning of which dates back to the early 2000s. If in 2000 shale gas accounted for 1% of all gas production in the United States, then by 2012 it accounted for 39% of total natural gas production in the United States. Thanks to this, the United States for the first time overtook Russia in terms of natural gas production and took first place in the world. And in 2013, the share of shale gas was even slightly higher than the share of conventional gas in total production.
Shale gas deposits in the United States. Figure: EIA
Along with the United States, shale gas has a significant share in total methane production in Canada (15%). In addition, it has recently been mined in small quantities in China. In other countries of the world, work is still at the stage of research or experimental production.
The fact that the shale boom occurred specifically in the United States and almost did not spread to other countries is due not only to the technological superiority of the United States. Shale gas occurs there over large areas and at relatively shallow depths. An additional powerful incentive for our own developments was the reduction in dependence on external supplies (the USA is the world's largest importer of hydrocarbons).
The total proven reserves of shale oil in the world are estimated at 47 billion tons, of which about 80% are in 10 countries, the list of which mostly coincides with that for shale gas, which is not surprising, given the same geological connection of shale gas and oil to shale rocks.
As of 2011, the world produced about 40 million tons of shale oil per year. This is approximately 1% of total oil production. In 2013, the volume increased to ~100 million tons per year. The main production (more than 90%), as in the case of shale gas, is carried out in the USA.
Volume of production of conventional and unconventional gas and oil in 2007–2013 in the USA
Analytical center of the US Department of Energy EIA (Energy Information Administration)
predicts that by 2030, shale oil production will reach 350 million tons per year, or 9% of total oil production.
Another unconventional hydrocarbon is coal, or mine, methane. The total volume of predicted methane resources in coal seams is 260 billion tons, while the spread in estimates for some countries is very large. In terms of production volumes, the United States is the leader here too, producing about 60 billion m3 per year, or 10% of all gas produced. (Thus, in the USA, unconventional gas already accounts for about 50% of production.) Canada produces about 9 billion m3 of coalbed methane, Australia - about 6 billion m3, China - about 5 billion m3.
In Russia, the possibility of using coalbed methane began to be actively studied in the 1960s. Since 2001, methane has been extracted from coal seams in the Kuznetsk basin in the Kemerovo region. In 2010, trial operation of seven exploration wells and the development of a new site in the Novokuznetsk region - the Naryksko-Ostashkinskoye field, where six exploration wells were drilled, began at the Taldinskoye field. Given the volume of coalbed methane reserves in Russia, it is sometimes spoken of as “our answer to shale gas” in the United States.
Oil (bituminous) sands deposits in Canada. Picture: oilsandsfactcheck.org
The main known deposits of tar sands are located in Canada (230–340 billion tons) and Venezuela (more than 160 billion tons). In addition, tar sands deposits have been discovered in Kazakhstan and Russia. In total, reserves amount to about 400 billion tons.
The center of world oil production from tar sands is the province of Alberta in Canada. By 2014, total oil production in this country reached 220 million tons per year, of which about half was tar sands oil.
Of the world's 450 trillion tons of oil shale reserves, about 430 trillion tons (90%) are again concentrated in the USA (Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). There are also large deposits in Brazil, China, and a number of European countries.
The volumes of oil shale production in the world are relatively small - on the order of several tens of millions of tons. At one time, the USSR was the leader in this area. A significant part of the production came from the Estonian SSR. Moreover, in 1948, shale gas (in this case, a product of oil shale processing) went through a gas pipeline from Kohtla-Jarve to Leningrad. However, after the discovery of a large number of oil and gas fields, the extraction of shale rock and subsequent distillation became relatively inefficient.
Currently, the prospects for the development of oil shale in the world are associated with the development of technologies for extracting oil and gas directly from the reservoir.
Dynamics of total oil production in Canada (including tar sands oil) - black curve
and conventional oil -
red curve
. Picture: oilsandsfactcheck.org
Technological snags and environmental risks
A key element of shale oil and gas production technology is the drilling of horizontal wells and the use of hydraulic fracturing (fracturing). The method consists of creating high pressures at the bottom of the well, due to which the rock skeleton is disrupted, cracks are formed and, as a result, the production of formations is dramatically increased. Pressure is created by pumping fracturing fluid (gel, water, acid).
Hydraulic fracturing technology has been actively used since the mid-20th century: in the USA - since 1948, in the USSR - since 1952. However, in our country, with the discovery of large oil and gas fields, there was no need to artificially increase the flow rate of wells and the method was not used on a large scale. The practice of using hydraulic fracturing in the USSR has been revived since the late 1980s to increase production due to the depletion of many fields.
Technologies for the production of unconventional hydrocarbons (primarily shale gas) raise a number of serious environmental claims. Firstly, these technologies require large amounts of water. Secondly, hydraulic fracturing can lead to contamination of groundwater with oil and fracturing fluid and to chemical contamination of the area as a whole. In addition, they can cause seismic phenomena. In general, as a result of the development of shale gas and oil, as well as tar sands, complete degradation of the landscape and catastrophic consequences for the environment and human health are possible at the production site.
Extraction of shale gas and oil from reservoir
But supporters of shale gas production have their own arguments. They compare the environmental damage of shale gas production with that of coal mining, which has at least an equally serious impact on the environment and produces more harmful emissions when burning this mineral, including greenhouse gases during use. They also draw attention to the fact that shale gas has been produced in the United States for a long time and in large volumes, and there is no environmental disaster yet. In addition, hydraulic fracturing is also used in the development of conventional hydrocarbon deposits. However, it should be noted that in most cases these developments are carried out in relatively sparsely populated areas.
Equally, if not more, important are the economic reasons for slowing down the production of unconventional hydrocarbons. Due to technological difficulties, the cost of their production is several times higher than that of conventional hydrocarbons. In particular, for shale gas and shale oil, difficulties are associated with drilling horizontal wells and the frequent use of hydraulic fracturing, a rapid decrease in well production (by 30–40% per year, so that a new well has to be drilled every 2–4 years), and high water consumption.
The average production cost of shale gas at the point of production is estimated at $200 per 1000 m3. For comparison: the average cost of gas at conventional fields in Russia, including transportation costs, is $46 per 1000 m3, that is, 4–5 times lower. Similar ratios for conventional and shale oil. In the first case, the production cost is a maximum of $20 per barrel (fields in Western Siberia), in the second - more than $70 per barrel.
The development of unconventional fields is profitable during a period of high and rising oil and gas prices. In the United States, the growth in shale gas production has led to a decrease in prices for consumers at production sites from $400 to $120 per 1000 m3. The increase in production volumes of both shale gas and shale oil occurred in the 2000s, when oil prices rose and exceeded $70–80 and even $100 per barrel. Since 2013–2014, the price of oil has fallen below the critical level for unconventional hydrocarbons of $60–70 per barrel. And immediately there were reports of cuts in their development: production became unprofitable.
Difficult road to the top
At the moment, large-scale development of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits can only be discussed in relation to two countries and three types of raw materials: shale gas, shale oil and coal seam gas in the USA and tar sands in Canada. As already indicated, the “shale revolution” in the United States and the growth of tar sands oil production in Canada were associated, among other things, with an increase in energy prices of almost tenfold or more from 2000 to 2008. At the same time, in the global volume of hydrocarbon production, the share of raw materials with unconventional occurrence conditions did not exceed several percent. The price decline began at the end of 2008 - beginning of 2009. It was sharp, but relatively short-lived, and already from 2013–2014 the downward trend became stable, which changed the situation for the worse and the prospects for further growth in the production of shale gas, shale oil and tar sands. Moreover, the first decline in the growth rate of shale gas production in the United States was recorded in 2011. According to EIA forecasts, in the coming decades, the growth in shale gas production will continue, but at a less rapid pace, while the production of conventional gas will decline (its reserves in the United States are no longer so large); As a result, overall gas production will stabilize. As for the more distant future, most likely we should expect continued research and development of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits, but in a more relaxed manner, using a “niche” strategy. In regions where the development of unconventional fuel turns out to be economically profitable (in particular, due to the absence of transport costs), it has a future. From this point of view, unconventional hydrocarbons have much in common with renewable energy sources. For example, geothermal energy has a future in Kamchatka or the Caucasus, solar energy has a future in inland sunny regions, and so on, but it is at least premature to talk about a “frontal offensive” of renewable energy sources. The same can be said about unconventional hydrocarbons.
Much also depends on technological progress - how much it will reduce development costs and ensure the integrated use of raw materials. In any case, unconventional hydrocarbons remain a powerful energy reserve, allowing us to look into the future with calmer and more confidence.
Where is it used?
Slates are in demand by industry, decorators, and stone cutters. The scope of application is determined by the characteristics of the raw materials.
Industry
Oil shale is a source of hydrocarbons and raw material for the chemical industry. They are easy to distinguish by their gray-yellow to black shades and low density.
Natural crystalline slate is used as a building material that requires minimal processing.
The stone is valued for many properties:
- Reliability. Walls and roofs made of slate can last for decades. If the installation technology is followed, the roof will not leak or crawl. The mineral is indifferent to natural disasters, temperature changes, heat, cold, and corrosion.
- Houses made of fire-resistant slate are completely fireproof.
- Aesthetics. Slate coating does not “shed” from rain or sun.
Slate (especially crystalline) retains heat, which is of particular importance in regions with harsh climates. And the stone muffles noise just as well.
Decor
Designers love stone for its variety of shades, textures, and texture.
Artificial slate
Decorative stone slate becomes a tabletop in the interior, cladding walls, floors, fireplaces, stoves, and large architectural forms. It looks noble and is beneficial because it retains warmth and privacy.
Slate in the interior
In landscape design these are paths, paths, alpine slides, garden and house compositions.
Other areas
Dishes and items with esoteric themes are made from slate.
And also pendants, bracelets, beads. This decoration is suitable for youth, ethnic, boho and similar clothing styles. You can minimally care for the stone.
Origin of shale
The history of shale formation goes back at least 300 million years. Most deposits were formed during the process of volcanic changes in the bowels of the earth or on the seabed from settled silt and clay, which under the pressure of mountain ranges or water were transformed into thin layered layers.
The basis of the shales is composed of dark-colored minerals with inclusions of feldspars or quartz. Some varieties of rock (for example, mica schists) contain mica.
Artificial slate
Artificial slate is made from gypsum, cement, and other materials plus dyes. It is also rich in color palette and resistant to external influences. Much cheaper than natural ones.
But there are disadvantages. For example, gypsum stone is suitable only for interior decoration and dry rooms: gypsum quickly absorbs moisture and swells. It is not used for roofing or as facade material.
Man-made stone can be distinguished visually: it lacks the patterning created by plates of natural slate.
Color
Summer shoes usually do not have any restrictions on color design. However, there are several colors and shades that are especially popular this season.
For example, black or white slates. Of course, for beach models, slates for a pool or sauna, absolutely any color can be chosen. But when it comes to shoes for everyday wear, then you can opt for the classic range, which includes black and white.
Neutral-colored flip flops go harmoniously with a colored dress, a plain sundress, a trouser suit, or a set of shorts and a top. They look appropriate and dignified in any situation.
Such slates can be plain or made in a combination of these colors, for example, a black base and white lintels. This could be a small black and white print decorating a wedge or other options.
Less versatile, but brighter and more elegant (orange, blue, yellow, pink, red, light green, purple, green) flip flops are usually matched to the main ensemble of clothing. For example, if the suit is designed in a nautical style, then blue or white-blue slates will be ideal for it.
For a motley, multi-colored dress, sundress, skirt, top, you can choose a model whose color will intersect with the shades of the outfit.
How to choose and care?
Shales do not require any special care. It is enough to wash them and dry them in the shade. Under the rays of the open sun, rubber may lose its elasticity, and over time this will lead to the formation of cracks in the shoes.
When choosing slates, especially model ones, on a high platform, special attention should be paid to the material from which they are made. In the hot summer, feet will sweat even in open shoes, and therefore there is a high risk of twisting or injuring your foot if the surface of the slates is too smooth and slippery
Slides are very convenient and comfortable to use, but it is not recommended to wear them all the time.
Magic properties
Sorcerers use slate as an oracle-predictor and a channel of communication with the inhabitants of the other world.
The magical properties of slate are also useful in everyday life:
- The stone acts as an amulet against external negativity.
- Helps to get out of a difficult, sticky situation.
- Accelerates the implementation of plans and achievement of goals.
- It is worn to make it easier to survive emotional turmoil and loss.
Talismans made of green stones attract money.
The magic of the mineral makes a person lucky.
Infrastructure
Department of Housing and Utilities
- State Unitary Enterprise "Lenoblvodokanal"
- MP "GUZHK"
- JSC "Neva-Energia"
- 8 management companies
- 4 homeowners associations (HOAs)
- 8 housing construction cooperatives (HBC)
Transport
Railway station in Slantsy
The city and region are connected by road to St. Petersburg, Pskov, and Gdov. The total length of roads in the Slantsevsky municipal district is 1874.44 km.
There is intercity bus service with St. Petersburg, Pskov, Kingisepp, Gdov. Suburban and city bus routes, as well as minibuses, operate. The volume of passenger traffic in 2012 amounted to 1,654 thousand people, including:
- MP "Slantsy-PAP" - 230.6 thousand people;
- MP "Slantsypassazhiravtotrans" - 24.5 thousand people;
- Individual entrepreneurs - 2905 people.
There are two freight stations: Slantsy-Tovarnye
and
Rudnichnaya
, as well as a railway station. The city is located on the Weimarn-Gdov railway line. Since October 8, 2009, transportation on this line has been carried out five times a week by diesel-electric train DT1.
Communications and media
The city publishes a local newspaper, Znamya Truda, with a circulation of 4,500 copies.
The fixed line operator is PJSC Rostelecom. Slantsev code is +7 81374, city numbers are five-digit. Mobile communication services are provided by MTS, Beeline, MegaFon and Tele2.
There are five Russian Post branches in the city. Postal codes: 188560—188565.
Connection to the Internet in the city and in the nearest suburbs is provided by Rostelecom PJSC using ADSL technology, CONTACT LLC, NNT LLC, Elektronik LLC using Ethernet technology, CONTACT LLC using Ethernet, PON, Wi technologies -Fi.
Cable television (analog and digital television of the DVB-C standard) is provided by CONTACT LLC.
Interactive television (OTT format) is provided by PJSC Rostelecom (OTT), LLC CONTACT (IPTV, OTT), LLC Elektronik (OTT).
Operator of fixed-line intrazonal telephone communications of PJSC Rostelecom. Intrazone communication code is +7 81374, landline numbers are five-digit.
Therapeutic effect
Energetically strong shale creates a positive effect on human health:
- The stone calms the nerves, eliminates stress, tension, apathy, and anger.
- The heated mineral is applied to the site of a cut, inflammation, or wound to speed up healing.
- The stone can be left in clean water overnight. And in the morning drink it as a preventative or cleansing agent for the body.
- For healthy, calm people, the stone is useful as a guarantor of maintaining physical and mental health.
Slate is a talisman-assistant to creative and artistic people.
Knowledgeable people recommend tiling at least one room in a house or apartment with slate. Health will improve, emotions will be under control.
Symbolism
The Slantsevsky district has its own coat of arms, approved by the decision of the Meeting of Representatives of the municipal formation “Slantsevsky District” of the Leningrad Region dated September 8, 2010. Heraldic description of the coat of arms: “In a field covered with azure (blue, light blue) scales, a golden woman standing upright in the attire of an ancient Russian princess, leaning with her right hand bent at the elbow on a golden long staff, and with her left hand, from below in front of her, supporting it, on whose shoulder - a sitting golden falcon, facing to the right and turning around; the wavy right silver side is burdened in a column with two scarlet (red) flowers and between them a pinnate leaf, connected and surrounded by scarlet stems with leaves and inflorescences extending from above and below.”
The coat of arms is included in the State Heraldic Register under No. 6292.
Price
In Russian online stores you can buy construction materials, collection materials, and other products (price, rub.):
- ax (gift for a man) – 11,200;
- figurine (210x70 mm) – 1,200;
- cabochon (pyrite in slate, 44x25x5 mm) – 510.
There is a wide range of building materials. And the price depends on the place of extraction and the manufacturer.
Domestic facing tiles will cost 450-850 (m2). The cost of imported, for example, from the Brazilian breed, is from three thousand rubles.
Cultural institutions
- City House of Culture (formerly House of Culture of Miners
) - Palace of Culture
- People's Theater "BUMS"
- Puppet Theatre
- Park of Culture and Recreation
- Slantsevskaya Central City Library (SCGB)
Slantsevsky Museum of History and Local Lore
The museum was founded on September 24, 1975 and opened to visitors on November 6, 1978. The founder and organizer was Nikolai Denisovich Simchenkov, who received the title of Honorary Citizen of the city of Slantsy. The main exhibition is dedicated to the creation and development of the shale mining and shale processing industries of the region, and the history of the city of Slantsy. There is a large section dedicated to the fauna of the region, where about 40 stuffed animals and birds are presented, made by a resident of the city, L. N. Mandryka. The museum has an exhibition hall (area - 200 m2), which has already held more than 150 exhibitions.
Education
There are 10 municipal preschool educational institutions in Slantsy. Among the institutions of secondary school education in the city, there are 5 secondary schools and 1 boarding school. There is also a children's art school, a children's music school, a children's and youth sports school, a boxing club, a children's art house and an evening (shift) school. There is an institution of secondary specialized education - the State Budgetary Professional Educational Institution of the Leningrad Region "Slantsevsky Industrial College". There is also a representative office of the St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University) in the city.
